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SECTION III
Time—35 minutes
25 Questions
Directions: The equestions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer that is the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.
1. If a country s manufacturing capacity is fully utilized, three can be no industrial growth without new capital investment. Any reduction in interest rates produces new capital investment
Which one of the following can be properly concluded from the statements above?
(A) Interest rates might in exceptional cases be reduced without there being any subsequent investment of new capital.
(B) A reduction in interest rates might cause a precondition for industrial growth to be met.
(C) If a country s manufacturing capacity is underutilized, interest rates should be held sonstant.
(D) New capital investment that takes place while interest rates are rising cannot lead to industrial growth.
(E) Manufacturing capacity newly created by capital investment needs to be fully utilized if it is to lead to industrial growth.
2. A certain type of insect trap uses a scented lure to attract rose beetles into a plastic bag from which it is difficult for them to escape. If several of these traps are installed in a backyard garden, the number of rose beetles in the garden will be greatly reduced. If only one trap is installed, however, the number of rose beetles in the garden will actually increase
Which one of the following, if true most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy?
(A) The scent of a single trap s lure usually cannot be detected throughout a backyard garden by rose beetles
(B) Several traps are better able to catch a large number of rose beetles than is one trap alone, since any rose beetles that evade one trap are likely to encounter another trap if there are several traps in the garden.
(C) When there are several traps in a garden, they each capture fewer rose beetles than any single trap would if it were the only trap in the garden
(D) The presence of any traps in a backyard garden will attract more rose beetles than one trap can catch, but several traps will not attract significantly more rose beetles to a garden than one trap will.
(E) When there is only one trap in the garden, the plastic bag quickly becomes filled to capacity, allowing some rose beeties to escape
3. The current move to patent computer programs is a move in the wrong direction and should be stopped. The patent system was originally designed solely to protect small-time inventors from exploitation. not to give large corporations control over a methodology. Any computer program is merely the implementation of a methodology.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) Computer programs should be developed not only be large corporations but by small-time inventors as well.
(B) Implementing a methodology always requires less creative effort than does true invention
(C) The issue of whether or not to patent computer programs presents the patent system with problems that have never before arisen
(D) Large corporations should not hold patents for implementations of methodologies
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(E) Small-time inventors who support the move to patent computer programs act contrary to their own best interests
Questions 4-5
Walter: For the economically privileged in a society to tolerate an injustice perpetrated against one of society s disadvantaged is not just morally wrong but also shortsighted: a system that inflicts an injustice on a disadvantaged person today can equally well inflict that same injustice on a well-to-do person tomorrow
Larissa: In our society the wealthy as well as the well-educated can protect themselves against all sorts of injustices suffered by the less well-off Allowing such injustices to persist is bad policy not because it places everyone at equal risk of injustice but because it is a potent source of social unrest.
4. Larissa responds to Walter by doing which one of the following?
(A) giving reason to doubt the truth of Walter s conclusion
(B) drawing implausible consequences from Walter s assumptions
(C) questioning Walter s authority to address matters of social policy
(D) providing an alternative reason for accepting the truth of Walter s conclusion
(E) charging Walter with stopping short of recognizing the full implications of his position
5. Walter and Larissa are logically committed by what they say to disagreeing about which one of the following?
(A) whether the poor and the rich are part of the same social fabric
(B) whether the most successful members of a society are that society s least tolerant people
(C) whether the disadvantaged members of society suffer from injustice
(D) whether those who have the most advantages in a society are morally obligated to correct that society s injustices
(E) whether the economically privileged members of a society are less exposed to certain sorts of injustices than are the economically disadvantaged
6. Three major laundry detergent manufacturers have concentrated their powdered detergents by reducing the proportion of inactive ingredients in the detergent formulas. The concentrated detergents will be sold in smaller packages. In explaining the change, the manufacturers cited the desire to reduce cardboard packaging and other production costs. Market analysts predict that the decision of three manufacturers, who control 80 percent of the laundry detergent market will eventually bring about the virtual disappearance of old-style bulky detergents
Which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction made by the market analysts?
(A) Most smaller manufacturers of laundry detergents will consider it too expensive to retool factories for the production of the smaller detergent packages.
(B) Many consumers will be skeptical initially that the recommended small amount of concentrated detergent will clean laundry as effectively as the larger amount of the old-style detergent did
(C) Some analysts believe that consumers will have to pay a greater cost per load of laundry to use the new concentrated detergent than they did to use the old-style detergent
(D) Major supermarkets have announced that they will not charge the detergent manufacturers less to display their detergents even though the detergents will take up less shelf space
(E) Comsumers are increasingly being persuaded by environmental concerns to buy concentrated detergents when available in order to reduce cardboard waste
Questions 7-8
Political advocate: Campaigns for elective office should be subsidized with public funds. One reason is that this would allow politicians to devote less time to fund-raising thus giving campaigning incumbents more time to serve the public. Asecond reason is that such subsidies would make it possible to set caps on individual campaign contributions. thereby reducing the likelihood that elected officials will be working for the benefit not of the publie but of individual large contilbutors
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Gitle: This argument is problematie the more the caps constrain contributions the more time candidates have to spend finding more small contributors
7. The critie objects that the advocate s argument is flawed because
(A) any resourceful large contributor can circumvent caps on individual contributions by sending in smaller amounts under various names
(B) one of the projected results cited in support of the proposal made is entailed by the other and therefore does not constitute mdependent support of the proposal
(C) of the two projected results cited in support of the proposal made one works against the other
(D) it overlooks the possibility that lareg contributors will stop contributing if they cannot contribute at will
(E) it overlooks the possibility that incumbents with a few extremely generous contributors will be hit harder by caps than incumbents with many moderately genetous contributors.
8. Which one of the following prickples if established provides a basis for the advocate s argument
(A) If complete reliance on private funding of some activity keeps the public from enjoying a benefit that could be provided if public funds were used such public funds should be provided
(B) If election campaigns are to be fended from public funds terms of office for elected officials should be lengthened.
(C) If in an election campaign large contributions flow primarily to one candidate public funds should be used to support the campaigns of that candiate s rivals
(D) If public funding of some activity produces a benefit to the public but also inevitably a special benefit for specific individuals, the activity should not be fully funded publicly but in part by the individuals deriving the special benefit.
(E) If a person would not have run for office in the absence of public campaign subsidies this person should not be eligible for any such subsidies.
9. Novice bird-watcher 1 don t know much about animal track s but I do know that birds typically have four toes and most birds have three toes pointing forward and one toe pointing backward Since this track was made by an animal with four toes of which three point forward and one points backward we can conclude it was made by some kind of bird
The argument is flawed because it
(A) relies on the vagueness of the term "track"
(B) does not define birds as animals with for toes
(C) fails to identify what kind of bird might have made the track
(D) does not establish that only a bird could have made the track
(E) depends on evidence about an individual bird rather than about birds in general
10. Psychologists have claimed that many people are more susceptible to psychological problems in the winter than in the summer, the psychologists call this condition seasonal affective disorder Their claim is based on the results of surveys in which people were asked to recall how they felt at various times in the past However, it is not clear that people are able to report accurately on their past psychological states Therefore these survey results do not justify the psychologists claim that there is any such condition as seasonal affective disorder
The author criticizes the psychologists claim by
(A) offering an alternative explanation of the variation in the occurrence of psychological problems across seasons
(B) questioning whether any seasonal variation in the occurrence of psychological problems could properly be labeled a disorder
(C) questioning the representativeness of the poplation sample surveyed by the psychologists
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